Business
Learn and Know IP Addresses, Subnetting,and VLSM

IP Address
IP Address is the address assigned to the network and network equipment that uses the TCP/IP protocol. The IP address consists of 32 bits (biary digits or double numbers) binary numbers which are divided into 4 ockets (bytes) consisting of 8 bits. Each bit represents a decimal number ranging from 0 to 255.
The types of IP addresses consist of:
- Public IP
Highest public bit range address bit network address
class A 0 0 – 127* 8
class B 10 128 – 191 16
class C 110 192 – 223 24
class D 1110 224 – 239 28
- Private
This Private IP can be used freely but is not recognized on the global internet network. Because it is usually used on closed networks that are not connected to the internet, such as ATM computer networks.
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
Conclusion
1.0.0.0 – 126.0.0.0 : Class A.
127.0.0.0 : Loopback network.
128.0.0.0 – 191.255.0.0 : Class B.
192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.0 : Class C.
224.0.0.0 = 240.0.0.0 : Class E, reserved.
3. IPv6
consists of 16 octets, for example:
A524:72D3:2C80:DD02:0029:EC7A:002B:EA73
Subnetting
A Network Administrator often requires network sharing from an IP Address that has been assigned by the Internet Service Provider (ISP). This is because the supply of IP addresses is currently very limited due to the proliferation of sites on the internet. The way to divide the network is called subneting and the result of subneting is called subnetwork. The steps for subnetting are as follows:
Example 2:
A company gets an IP address from an ISP 160.100.0.0/16, the company has 30 departments in total, and wants all departments to have access to the internet. Determine the network for each department?
Solution ;
1. Determine which class the IP is in? B
2. How many networks are needed?
with the formula 2n > network needed
25 > 30
3. Convert to binary
network-portion host-portion
10100000 01100100 00000000 00000000
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
- Take the host-portion bit according to the network needs, so that
network-portion host-portion
10100000 01100100 _ _ _ _ _ 000 00000000
11111111 11111111 1 1 1 1 1 000 00000000
note the third octet
_ _ _ _ _ 000
1 1 1 1 1 000
Method 1
By combining bits
00001 000 = 8
00010 000 = 16
00011 000 = 24
00100 000 = 32
00101 000 = 40
00110 000 = 48
……………
11111 000 = 248
Method 2
Reduce the subnet mask by 256
11111 000 = 248
256 – 248 = 8 then the subnetwork is a multiple of 8
No. Department of Subnetwork (255.255.248.0)
1 First 160.100.8.0
2 Second 160.100.16.0
3 Third 160.100.24.0
4 Fourth 160.100.32.0
5 Fifth 160.100.40.0
6 Sixth 160.100.48.0
7 Seventh 160.100.56.0
.. ………….
30 Thirty 160.100.248.0
Then
Network Broadcast Range-Hoat
160.100.8.0 160.100.15.255 160.100.8.1 – 160.100.15.254
160.100.16.0 160.100.23.255 160.100.16.1 – 160.100.23.254
160.100.24.0 160.100.31.255 160.100.24.1 – 160.100.31.254
160.100.32.0 160.100.39.255 160.100.31.254 160.100.32.0 160.100.39.255 160.100.32.1 – 160.100.39.254
160.100.40.0 160.100.47.255 160.100.40.1 – 160.100.47.254
160.100.48.0 160.100.55.255 160.100.48.1 – 160.100.55.254
160.100.56.0 160.100.63.255 160.100.56.1 – 160.100.63.254
160.100.64.0 160 100 .71.255 160.100.64.1 – 160.100.71.254
160.100.72.0 160.100.79.255 160.100.72.1 – 160.100.79.254
…… .. ………. ………….
160.100.248.0 160.100.255.255 160.100.248.1 – 160.100.255.254
VLSM (Variable Leg Subnet Mask)
The concept of subneting is indeed a solution in overcoming the number of IP addresses used. However, if you pay attention, there will be many subnets. More detailed explanation in the example:
Example 2:
A company that has 6 departments wants to divide its network, including:
1. Department A = 100 hosts
2. Department B = 57 hosts
3. Department C = 325 hosts
4. Department D = 9 hosts
5. Department E = 500 hosts
6. Department F = 25 hosts
IP Address given from ISP is 160.100.0.0/16
If we use ordinary subneting it will be easy to get but the results of subneting (such as example 1) will be wasted because the results of subneting are too many than the required number of hosts. Then we need VLSM calculations, namely:
- Sort by required hosts
1. Department E = 500 hosts
2. Department C = 325 hosts
3. Department A = 100 hosts
4. Department B = 57 hosts
5. Department F = 25 hosts
6. Department D = 9 hosts - Convert to binary
network-portion host-portion
10100000 01100100 00000000 00000000
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
If the subneting is taken from the network then the VLSM is taken from the host
l For 500 hosts
network-portion host-portion
10100000 01100100 00000000 00000000
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
For 500 hosts, 9 bits are taken from the host-portion because
2n-2 > number of hosts
The result is 160.100.0.0/23
Network Broadcast Range-Hoat
160.100.0.0/23 160.100.0.255 160.100.0.1 – 160.100.1.254
160.100.2.0/23 160.100.2.255 160.100.2.1 – 160.100.3.254
160.100.4.0/23 160.100.4.255 160.100.4.1 – 160.100.5.254
160.100.6.0/23 160.100.6.255 160.100.6.1 – 160.100.7.254
160.100.8.0/23 160.100.8.255 160.100.8.1 – 160.100.9.254
…….. ………. ………….
160.100.254.0/23 160.100.254.255 160.100.254.1 – 160.100.255.254
l For 325 hosts we can still use a subnet of 500 hosts because it is still in arena 29 and choose an unused subnet.
l For 100 hosts use 28 > 100 and take one of the previously unused subnets.
e.g. 160.100.2.0/24
network-portion host-portion
10100000 01100100 00000010 00000000
11111111 11111111 00000010 00000000
then
Network Broadcast Range-Hoat
160.100.2.0/24 160.100.2.255 160.100.2.1 – 160.100.2.254
160.100.3.0/24 160.100.3.255 160.100.3.1 – 160.100.3.254
l For 57 hosts use 26 >57 and take one of the previously unused subnets.
e.g. 160.100.3.0/24
network-portion host-portion
10100000 01100100 00000010 00000000
11111111 11111111 00000011 00000000
then
Network Broadcast Range-Hoat
160.100.3.0/26 160.100.3.91 160.100.3.1 – 160.100.3.90
160.100.3.64/26 160.100.3.63 160.100.3.65 – 160.100.3.126
160.100.3.128/26 160.100.3.127 160.100.3.129 – 160 100. 3.190
160.100.3.192/26 160.100.3.191 160.100.3.193 – 160.100.3.254
l For 25 hosts use 25 > 25 and take one of the previously unused subnets.
e.g. 160.100.3.192/25
network-portion host-portion
10100000 01100100 00000010 00000000
11111111 11111111 00000011 00000000
then
Network Broadcast Range-Hoat
160.100.3.192/27 160.100.3.223 160.100.3.193 – 160.100.3.222
160.100.3.224/27 160.100.3.255 160.100.3.225 – 160.100.3.254
l For 9 hosts use 24 > 16 and take one of the previously unused subnets.
e.g. 160.100.3.224/25
network-portion host-portion
10100000 01100100 00000010 00000000
11111111 11111111 00000011 00000000
then
Network Broadcast Range-Hoat
160.100.3.224/28 160.100.3.239 160.100.3.225 – 160.100.3.227
160.100.3.240/28 160.100.3.255 160.100.3.241 – 160.100.3.254
SUBNETTING ON IP ADDRESS CLASS B
First, the subnet mask that can be used for subnetting class B is as below. I deliberately separated it into two, the left and right blocks because each has a different technique, especially for the octet that is “played” based on the subnet block. The CIDR /17 to /24 method is exactly the same as the Class C subnetting, only the subnet blocks are inserted directly into the third octet, not like Class C is “played” in the fourth octet. While the CIDR /25 to /30 (multiple) of the subnet block we “play” in the fourth octet, but after the third octet is finished, we move forward (coeunter) from 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on.
Now let’s try two questions for both subnetting techniques for Class B. We start from using a subnetmask with a CIDR of /17 to /24. Example network address 172.16.0.0/18.
Analysis: 172.16.0.0 means class B, with Subnet Mask /18 means 11111111.11111111.110000000000000 (255.255.192.0).
Calculation:
- Number of Subnets = 2x, where x is the number of binaries 1 in the last 2 octets. So the number of subnets is 22 = 4 subnets
- Number of Hosts per Subnet = 2y – 2, where y is the reciprocal of x i.e. the number of 0 binaries in the last 2 octets. So the number of hosts per subnet is 214 – 2 = 16,382 hosts
- Block Subnet = 256 – 192 = 64. The next subnets are 64 + 64 = 128, and 128+64=192. So the complete subnets are 0, 64, 128, 192.
- Valid host and broadcast addresses?
Next we try another one for Class B, especially for those using the CIDR /25 to /30 subnetmask. Example network address 172.16.0.0/25.
Analysis: 172.16.0.0 means class B, with Subnet Mask /25 means 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 (255.255.255.128).
Calculation:
- Number of Subnets = 29 = 512 subnets
- Number of Hosts per Subnet = 27 – 2 = 126 hosts
- Subnet block = 256 – 128 = 128. So the complete is (0, 128)
- Valid host and broadcast addresses?
SUBNETTING ON IP ADDRESS CLASS A
If it is solid and understands correctly, we will continue to Class A. The concepts are all the same. The difference is in which OCTET we play the subnet blocks. If Class C is in the 4th (last) octet, class B is in the 3rd and 4th octet (last 2 octet), if Class A is in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th octet (last 3 octet). Then the subnet masks that can be used for subnetting class A are all subnet masks from CIDR /8 to /30.
We try to practice for the network address 10.0.0.0/16.
Analysis: 10.0.0.0 means class A, with Subnet Mask /16 means 111111111.11111111.000000000000000 (255.255.0.0).
Calculation:
- Number of Subnets = 28 = 256 subnets
- Number of Hosts per Subnet = 216 – 2 = 65534 hosts
- Block Subnet = 256 – 255 = 1. So the complete subnet is: 0.1,2,3,4, and so on.
- Valid host and broadcast addresses?
Note: All subnet calculations above assume that IP Subnet-Zeroes (and IP Subnet-Ones) are calculated by default. Todd Lamle’s latest version of the book as well as CCNA after 2005 have accommodated this IP Subnet-Zeroes (and IP Subnet-Ones) problem. CCNA pre-2005 does not include it by default (though in fact we can activate it with the command ip subnet-zeroes), so maybe in some books about CCNA and CNAP test questions, you still find the formula for calculating the number of subnets = 2x – 2
IP Address
IP Address is the address assigned to the network and network equipment that uses the TCP / IP protocol. IP addresses consist of 32 bit binary numbers which can be written as four decimal places separated by periods such as 192.16.10.01 or for example in wxyz format. IP addresses are the most widely used protocols for forwarding (routing) information on the network.
IP addresses have classes as in table 2.4.
Table 2.4. IP address
classes Class Range Network ID Host ID Default Subnet Mask
A 1-126 w xyz 255.0.0.0
B 128-191 wx yz 255.255.0.0
C 192-223 wxy z 255.255.255.0
note: there is still class D that is rarely used, and there is IPV6 that will be used if this IPV4 is not sufficient.
For example, there is an IP 192.168.0.100, so it includes a Class C IP Address
Subnetting
If an owner of a class B IP address, for example, requires more than one network ID, he must apply to Internic to get a new IP address. However, the supply of IP addresses is very limited due to the proliferation of sites on the internet.
To overcome this, a technique emerged to multiply the network ID from an existing network. This is called subnetting, in which a portion of the host ID is sacrificed for use in creating additional network IDs.
For example, in class B, the network ID is 130.200.0.0 with a subnet mask of 255.255.224.0 where the third octet is enclosed by 224. It can be calculated using the formula 256-224=32. then the subnet groups that can be used are multiples of 32, 64, 128, 160, and 192. Thus, the IP address groups that can be used are:
130.200.32.1 to 130.200.63.254
130.200.64.1 to 130.200.95.254
130.200.96.1 to 130.200.127.254
130.200.128.1 to 130.200.159.254
130.200.160.1 to 130.200.191.254
130.200.192.1 to 130.200.223.254
Or it will be easier with a good formulation in determining the subnet and the number of hosts per subnet. The number of subnets = 2n-2, n = the number of hidden bits
Number of hosts per subnet = 2N-2, N = number of bits not hidden
For example, suppose a subnet has a network address of 193.20.32.0 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.224. So: The
number of subnets is 6, because from the network address 193.20.32.0 by paying attention to the number from the first octet, which is 193, it can be seen that it is in class C. By observing the subnetmask 255.255.255.224 or 11111111.11111111.1111111. 11100000 can be seen that the three bits of the host ID are shrouded, so we get n = 3 and get: number of subnets = 23-2 = 6.
As for the number of hosts per subnet is 30, this is obtained from 5 bits that are not hidden, then N = 5 and will be obtained: the number of hosts per subnet = 25-2 = 30.
The hidden bit is the bit that is represented by the number 1, while the bit that is not hidden is the bit that is represented by the number 0.
Business
A Roadmap To Minimizing FX Fees In Your Singapore Business

In today’s global economy, businesses in Singapore are increasingly engaging in international trade and dealing with foreign currencies. However, foreign exchange (FX) fees can be a significant financial burden, affecting profits and hindering growth. As a responsible business owner, understanding and optimizing your approach to managing FX fees is crucial. This article presents a comprehensive roadmap to help your Singapore business minimize FX fees and maximize its financial potential.
1. Evaluate FX Service Providers
- The first step to reducing FX fees is to evaluate the FX service providers you are currently using. Compare the rates, fees, and additional charges banks, online platforms, and currency specialists offer.
- Look for providers with competitive rates and transparent fee structures to ensure you get the best deal. Consider checking out specialized services that provide benefits like “business card Singapore” for seamless international transactions.
2. Opt for Bulk Transactions-
- If your business regularly deals with significant foreign currency transactions, consider bundling them into bulk transactions. Larger transactions often attract more favorable exchange rates and lower fees than frequent smaller transactions. Consolidating your FX needs can lead to substantial savings over time.
3. Implement Hedging Strategies
- Volatility in currency markets can impact your business’s bottom line. Implementing hedging strategies can help protect your business from adverse currency fluctuations. Forward contracts, currency options, and currency swaps are examples of hedging tools that can provide stability and reduce FX risks.
4. Use Virtual Accounts-
- Consider using virtual accounts for transactions in different currencies. Virtual accounts can help you receive and hold funds in various currencies without needing multiple physical bank accounts. This approach can minimize conversion fees and simplify reconciliation processes.
5. Monitor Currency Trends-
- Stay informed about currency trends and market movements that can affect your business. Being proactive and timing your FX transactions can result in improved rates and reduced fees.Consider using automated FX tools to execute transactions at opportune moments.
6. Embrace Fintech Solutions-
- Explore the growing number of fintech solutions available to businesses in Singapore. Fintech platforms can offer competitive rates and faster transaction processing, reducing conversion costs and delays. Embracing technology can streamline your FX operations and reduce associated fees.
7. Consider Multi-Currency Accounts-
- Opening a multi-currency account with your bank can give your business more flexibility in managing foreign currencies. It allows you to hold funds in different currencies and transact between these accounts with lower conversion fees. That is particularly beneficial for businesses with frequent international expenses, as it provides a convenient way to manage funds in various currencies.
8. Review Transaction Timing
Be mindful of the timing of your FX transactions. Avoid peak trading hours when markets can be more volatile, leading to less favorable exchange rates. Instead, schedule your transactions during calmer periods to secure better rates and lower fees.
1. Educate Your Team-
- Ensure that your finance and accounting teams are well-informed about FX fees and the importance of minimizing them.
- Provide guidance on efficient foreign exchange (FX) management techniques and the possible consequences for the financial well-being of the business.
- Your team can actively contribute to fee reduction efforts by fostering a cost-conscious culture.
2. Regularly Review FX Policies-
- Currency markets constantly evolve, and your business’s FX needs may change. Regularly review your FX policies and practices to identify areas for improvement.
- A periodic assessment can help you adapt to market conditions and identify additional opportunities for savings. If you run a business in Singapore, incorporate business card Singapore for seamless and cost-effective international payments.
3. Consolidate Banking Relationships-
- Consider consolidating your banking relationships to benefit from more comprehensive services and negotiate better FX terms. Having a strong relationship with one or a few banks can simplify your financial operations and improve your overall bargaining power.
4. Set Realistic Budgets-
- Creating accurate and realistic budgets that account for FX fees is essential for effective financial planning. Forecasting your FX expenses can help you allocate funds appropriately and make informed business decisions.
5. Seek Professional Advice-
- If managing FX fees becomes complex or overwhelming, seek advice from financial experts or consultants with experience in international trade and foreign exchange. Their insights can guide your business toward more efficient and cost-effective FX practices.
Navigating FX fees is crucial to managing a successful Singapore business with global aspirations. Following this roadmap and implementing strategic measures can minimize FX fees, protect your business from currency risks, and optimize financial efficiency. Remember that being proactive and informed is the key to securing the best FX rates and ultimately contributing to your business’s growth and success in the international market. Incorporating financial tools like “business card Singapore” can further streamline your transactions and enhance your overall financial performance.
Business
How to Manage Tenant Relations in Commercial Real Estate Properties

In the commercial real estate sector, managing tenant relations is a key component of effective property management. Maintaining good tenant relations not only increases tenant happiness but also helps the property be successful and profitable as a whole. A positive tenant-landlord relationship promotes trust, promotes lease renewals, lowers vacancy rates, and lessens disputes. Property managers need to put in place a variety of tactics and best practices that put an emphasis on clear communication, tenant satisfaction, and dispute resolution in order to manage tenant relations efficiently.
Establishing open and transparent lines of communication, placing a high value on tenant satisfaction, and encouraging proactive conflict resolution are all essential components of effective tenant relations management. In order to meet the demands of tenants and promote long-term occupancy, property managers must work to create a friendly and encouraging environment. This entails routine property inspections, effective upkeep, and quick responses to questions and requests from tenants. Managing tenant relations also heavily relies on involving renters and creating a sense of community within the property. Property managers can build a positive environment by planning tenant events and encouraging teamwork.
Utilizing innovation and technology may also improve tenant satisfaction, expedite property management procedures, and enable efficient communication. To provide effective services and inform renters, property managers should adopt property management software, Retail location, smart building technology, and tenant portals.
In this blog, we will explore eight effective strategies and best practices for managing tenant relations in commercial real estate properties.
Establish clear communication channels:
Establishing open lines of communication is essential for maintaining tenant relations. Utilize a variety of communication channels, such as email, tenant portals, or scheduled meetings, to encourage efficient information exchange. Tenants should receive prompt attention to their concerns, inquiries, and requests in order to foster trust and openness.
Prioritise tenant satisfaction:
The priority should be tenant satisfaction. Maintain the property in good shape, provide the amenities and services that are required, and address maintenance problems as soon as they occur. To enhance happiness and convey that you care about meeting their needs, frequently get feedback from tenants.
Foster Proactive Conflict Resolution:
Interactions between tenants and landlords often get heated. Encourage open dialogue, careful listening, and the search for win-win solutions as a proactive approach to conflict resolution. When required, tenant-tenant relationships can be preserved and legal problems can be avoided by using mediation or arbitration.
Build a Tenant Community Through Engagement:
To establish a positive and peaceful environment on the property, encourage a sense of community among the renters. Plan tenant gatherings, networking opportunities, or cooperative projects to promote conversation and collaboration. Tenant satisfaction is increased, and long-term leases are encouraged by a good and inclusive environment.
Conduct regular property inspections and maintenance.
A dedication to the comfort and safety of tenants is demonstrated by routine property inspections and preventative maintenance. Regularly check communal spaces, take care of maintenance issues as soon as they arise, and verify that construction codes and regulations are being followed. Keeping high standards increases renter contentment and makes a good first impression.
Embrace technology and innovation:
In order to offer creative solutions that satisfy the needs of tenants, be abreast of technical developments and market trends. Utilise tenant portals, smart building technology, and property management software to improve the tenant experience. Make use of technology to track maintenance, manage leases, and communicate effectively.
Develop strong lease agreements:
Create detailed, transparent lease agreements that safeguard the landlord as well as the renter. Ensure that the terms and circumstances of the lease are reasonable, clear, and in accordance with all relevant laws and rules. To reduce future disputes, clearly outline each party’s roles, obligations, and rights.
Provide timely and accurate financial reporting.
To win tenants’ trust, keep your financial reporting honest and precise. Send timely and comprehensive financial accounts that include rent invoices, costs for maintaining shared spaces, and any other fees. Tenants can better understand their financial responsibilities and have more faith in property management when there is clear and open financial reporting.
By implementing these effective strategies and best practices, property managers can effectively manage tenant relations in commercial real estate properties, leading to tenant satisfaction, retention, and a positive reputation in the market.
Conclusion:
An active and tenant-centered strategy is needed to manage tenant relations in commercial real estate facilities. Property managers can develop enduring and fruitful relationships with their renters by placing a high priority on open communication, tenant satisfaction, conflict resolution, community building, regular property upkeep, and adaptability. Tenant retention, higher property values, and a thriving commercial real estate portfolio are the results of putting time and effort into tenant relations.
Business
4 Tips To Manage an Educational Platform Online

In the digital age, educational platforms have become a popular and effective way to deliver educational content and engage with students remotely. Managing an online educational platform comes with its own set of challenges and considerations. In this article, we will explore four valuable tips to effectively manage an educational platform online, including the use of school brochures, leveraging a tuition management system, and incorporating educational videos to enhance the learning experience.
Tips for an Online Educational Platform
1. Create Informative School Brochures:
One of the key aspects of managing an educational platform online is effectively communicating with students, parents, and other stakeholders. School brochures serve as a valuable tool to provide comprehensive information about the platform, its features, courses offered, and any additional services available. These brochures can be made available on the platform’s website or shared via email to prospective students and parents. By creating informative school brochures, you can ensure that potential users have a clear understanding of what your educational platform offers, leading to increased interest and engagement. You can also check out some free tools to learn how to make a brochure.
2. Leverage a Tuition Management System:
Managing tuition payments and financial transactions is an important aspect of running an educational platform. Implementing a tuition management system can streamline the process and ensure efficiency. These systems enable you to automate tuition fee collection, generate invoices, and track payment statuses. Additionally, they provide a secure and convenient platform for students and parents to make payments online. By leveraging a tuition management system, you can reduce administrative burden, improve financial transparency, and provide a seamless payment experience for your users.
3. Incorporate Engaging Educational Videos:
Educational videos are a powerful tool for enhancing the learning experience on an online educational platform. They can be used to deliver lectures, provide demonstrations, or offer supplementary content. Incorporating educational videos helps to cater to different learning styles and increases student engagement. These videos can be created by instructors or sourced from reputable educational content providers. By offering a variety of multimedia content, including educational videos, you can enrich the learning experience and make your educational platform more interactive and dynamic.
4. Foster Community Engagement and Collaboration:
Building a sense of community and fostering collaboration among students is crucial for the success of an online educational platform. Create discussion forums or virtual classrooms where students can interact, share ideas, and collaborate on assignments. Encourage active participation and provide opportunities for students to connect with their peers and instructors. Additionally, organize virtual events, webinars, or guest lectures to facilitate knowledge-sharing and networking. By fostering community engagement and collaboration, you can create a supportive and interactive learning environment on your educational platform.
Conclusion:
Managing an educational platform online requires careful planning, effective communication, and a focus on student engagement. By implementing these four tips – creating informative school brochures, leveraging a tuition management system, incorporating educational videos, and fostering community engagement – you can enhance the overall user experience, facilitate seamless operations, and drive the success of your online educational platform. Remember that continuous improvement and adaptation based on user feedback are essential to ensure that your platform meets the evolving needs of students and provides a high-quality educational experience.